Should Minimum Wage Lift Millions Of Families Below The...

Will raising minimum wage lift millions of families above the poverty line? OR cause a drop in unemployment? Minimum wage today in Ga is 7.25 an hour, if a business has 6 or more workers then this minimum wage applies to the employees. â€Å"The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and Georgia labor law requires all employers in Georgia to visibly display an approved Georgia minimum wage poster, and other Georgia and federal labor law posters, to ensure that all employees are aware of federal and Georgia labor law and overtime regulations. Failure to display a Georgia labor law poster in the workplace can result in severe fines†. According to the (http://www.minimum-wage.org/states.asp?state=Georgia) an article on minimum wage done in 2009-2016.The†¦show more content†¦This extra money will go towards retail sales to increase in our economy. Getting on your feet and off of welfare can boost your motivation to want to work more to better be able to care for your own family. These are dreams of a lot of lower incomes families have. According to economist James Galbraith,†Ã¢â ‚¬â„¢ raising the minimum wage would raise the incomes of twenty-eight million Americans. Women would particularly benefit because they tend to work for lower wages than men.† In an article on raising minimum wage she wrote. President Obama wants Congress to pass a law that requires an increase in minimum wage to 10.10 an hour. Congress continues to stall in this matter. Fourteen states have already raised their minimum wage rates as of January 1, 2016. There has been positive growth in these states. One reporter writes, In the 13 states that boosted their minimums at the beginning of the year, the number of jobs grew an average of 0.85 percent from January through June. The average for the other 37 states was 0.61 percent† (NPR.org). Raising minimum wage will not only bring people out of debt faster but it could eliminate the social security worries causing taxes to go up the federal deficient would come down. Making it more affordable to continue receiving social security benefits to those who reach their age to receive them. Raising minimum wage

Human Motivation and Mangement Skills - 1616 Words

Many people get satisfaction from their work and take pride in what they do, while others may view it as only as a mere way of survival. In an attempt to identify successful approaches to management, theorists and social psychologists have expounded theories on human motivation and skills. Social psychologist Douglas McGregor set forth two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960’s: Theory X and the Theory Y. McGregor promoted Theory Y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely pawns in the company, as his Theory X type organizations seemed to believe (Cronkhite,2007). Both theories look at how a manager’s perceptions of what motivates his or her team members affect the way he or she behaves allowing one to adapt their approach. McGregor’s Theories X and Y Many people get the satisfaction from their work and take great pride in it; while others may view it as a burden or simply a mean s to survive. In attempts to identify successful approaches to management, social psychologist Douglas McGregor expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management know as Theory X and Theory Y. Promoting Theory Y as the basis of good management practice, and with personal views that workers are not mere pawns within the companies’ hierarchy structure as Theory X suggested. The theories look at how a manager’s perceptions of what motivates his or her team members also affect the way he or sheShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Technology for Simplifying Business Functions1400 Words   |  6 Pagestechnological solutions were implemented for these companies, the differentiating results are assumed to be due to the human factor. One might therefore ask the question whether the difference lies in the competence of managers not only to implement and use the technology, but also to help their subordinates understand and use newly implemented IT functions ( Shao et al., 2010). Hence, the human factor might be connected closely to how competent managers are in terms of technological prowess as well as helpingRead MoreSuccession Management: Trends and Current Practice1177 Words   |  5 PagesBACHELOR OF COMMERCE ORGANISATION DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH TOPIC Succession Management: Trends and current practice Name: Looi Jun Kiat Student Number: 31654205 Lecturer: Mr Frankie Yee Declaration: Except where I have indicated, the work I am submitting in this assignment is my own work and has not been submitted for assessment in another course. Looi Jun Kiat Introduction Succession management ensures a company’s survivability when key appointment holdersRead MoreCultural Intelligence And Its Impact On Culture1561 Words   |  7 Pagescountry. Failure to understand the cultural differences only results in dysfunctional conflicts among the employees. 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Read MoreChange Management - Theories of Changes1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthe key phases in change process. The Kotters eight-phase model proposed as followed. * Establish a sense of urgency because opportunities or crisis demand a change now * Create a guiding team to form change agents with credibility, authority and skill to assist in the change process * Develop a changes vision and strategy * Clearly communicate the change vision * Empower the individuals involved in the change process by removing obstacles, changing structure, rewarding new ideas. * GenerateRead MoreHRM and the Changing Nature of Organizations2235 Words   |  9 Pagesthe increasing change and complexities in the business environment. The emergence of globalization, technical advancements, telecommunications revolution, growth of knowledge based workforce and intense competition; mandate the transformation of Human Resource Management (HRM) in organizations. It is necessary for the management to invest considerable time and amount, to learn the changing scenario of the HR department in the 21st century. In order to survive the competition and be in the raceRead MoreStrategic Leadership and Decision-Making: Ethics and Values3428 Words   |  14 Pagesis the notion of good intent. (A gentlemans word is his bond.) Yet, a third is the notion of appreciation of merit in others regardless of personal feelings. (Give the Devil his due.) WORK ETHICS Work ethics is a crucial factor for the motivation of workers in an organisation. It can be defined as a set of values, norms and attitudes, or standards of behaviour, which guide the workers organisational behaviour. In the same perspective, Denga (1986) defines work ethics as â€Å"ethical standardsRead MoreQuality Improvement Practices Within Organizations1678 Words   |  7 Pagesapproach to organizational management that seeks to improve the quality of products and services through continual refinements in response to continuous feedback (Gharakhani, 2013). Thus, it necessitates the consistent application of the appropriate human and technical processes, tools and techniques. A strategic quality strategy will be effective only through long-term commitment and dedicated application by executive management and all employees (Gharakhani, 2013). The purpose of this paper is toRead Morebest fit and best practice in HRM3167 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿In the today world Human resou rce management is so important to manage human than early time .It plays vital role for organization how they recruit highly motivated and competent employee. To sustain competitive advantage over the organization as we know managing human is difficult task so that to fulfill this need we need professional HR manager .Managing human resources depends upon both external and organizational environment. . The genesis of Human resource management was originated fromRead MoreHrm at General Motors1888 Words   |  8 Pagescrisis that resulted into a loss of $37.3billion by the automaker, General motors corporation was the leading American employer with 284 000 employees (GMC, 2008). Because of its large network of global presence in 31 countries, General Motors human resource management practices entail international practices that are designed in accordance to the international operation requirements and the organizational culture designed to reduce operational costs. Majority employees of the corporation’s subsidiaries

Eco-tourism free essay sample

Eco-tourism is now the world traveling development tidal current, Eco-tourism, is so called Ecology Tourism. In dictionary, it is defined as tourism to ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature. It means we should have ecologic awareness when we are traveling. To protect the environment, and to protect animals that are in danger. Why should we do this? Because the tourist and traveling has become many nationals and regions’ important economical industrial, both in developing countries and developed countries. The eco-tourism is also a kind of the emerging traveling which develops rapidly in recent years. The eco-tourism is also a new type of tourism which can bring us both profits and advantages. Nowadays, protecting environment has been a quite important major for all the countries around the world. Eco-tourism is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strive to be low impact and often small scale as an alternative to mass tourism. We will write a custom essay sample on Eco-tourism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its purpose is to educate the traveler; provide funds for ecological conservation; directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities; and foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. Since the 1980s ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavor by environmentalists, so that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention. Several university programs use this description as the working definition of ecotourism. Generally, ecotourism focuses on volunteering, personal growth and environmental responsibility. Ecotourism typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. One of the goals of ecotourism is to offer tourists insight into the impact of human beings on the environment, and to foster a greater appreciation of our  natural habitats. For these developed countries, they have focus on the eco-tourism for many years. So they have met almost all of the problems, and they had tried to solve them for a long time. Such as Canada, Canada is a developed country, and the tourism industry has been the most important industry of that country. The Canada government has already lay the emphasis on responsible ecotourism. Responsible ecotourism includes programs that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation, and creation of economic opportunities for local communities. For these reasons, ecotourism often appeals to environmental and social responsibility advocates. The Canadians also have good habit of protecting the environment. The Canada government could easy to solve the problems with the help of the citizens. They have a complete recycle system and every people will obey the rule of the recycling. Moreover, the government will also have a scrupulous efficient ways to remind the tourists from other countries to obey the rules. With all the efforts of the government, citizens, and tourists, Canada has already met the goals of eco-tourism, and the environment is so good for people to live and travel. Many developed countries also accomplish it. So is Canada’s neighbor - the Unites States, San Francisco boasts a dedicated conservation department committed to protecting the hundreds of species of wildlife in its estuaries and parks, reducing waste and encouraging sustainable energy programs. â€Å"It also has one of the best public transit networks in the U.S. and one of the best train-to-city services in the world. The Bay Area is one of Americas most environmentally conscious metropolitan areas and car-free visits help maintain its beauty.† However, there are also some regions of developing countries meet the goals of eco-tourism. Kerala, in southernmost India, has undertaken numerous initiatives to preserve the natural beauty of the region, from restoring wildlife populations in its natural parks to promoting sustainable and responsible travel to the area But have the eco-tourism accomplished its goals all round the world? The answer is completely no. There are still many problems for the eco-tourism in many developing countries and some developed countries. Such as my home town  China, it also has many problems to face, not only for the government but also for the companies and citizens. And it has been such a serious problem for protecting the environment. Although the eco-tourism has made some progress in our country, and it has become many places and the departments’ plans as an essential project. It is also a current tourist circles most topic of discussion. There are still many problems in our country. Although the government has focused on them for a long time. They still have no good ways to solve them. And the environment has already done harm to the citizens. In last week, it was reported that there was such a big fog in Beijing, and it had caused many ill of the citizen. It was even said that China would change its capital city, and Shanghai was the most possible city to be the next capital city. What a bad situation! What’s more, most of the citizens don’t realize the importance of protecting the environment, most of them are middle age and none educated. They have bad habits such as dropping litter everywhere, spitting everywhere, and destroying the plants. They don’t care about others, and just care about convenience. We still have a long way before we accomplish the goal of eco-tourism. In my opinion, the government should provide a better plan to solve these problems, not only conducting propaganda but also carrying out some punishment to warn these people who don’t care about the environment. The government also needs to punish those companies that just focus on the profits rather than the environment. Of course, as a citizen, we should also do what we can do to help the government just like the Canadian. We live on this land, and our sons and grandsons will live on this land as well. We must provide a better place for them to live in. Moreover, that is the duty for everyone. However, another important fact of protecting environment is the local companies related to the tourism. They should be limited to use the resources. They also need do something good to help protecting the environment. The travel agent should remind the tourists to protect the environment. The hotels and restaurants should try their best to not destroy the environment. All of these efforts will do good to meet the goals of eco-tourism. Compared with Canada, China should pay more attention to the citizens’ and local companies’ behavior. They all have great influence on the protecting the environment. Otherwise, the government should publish a better policy and a good recycle system. Recycle system plays an important role in protecting  the environment. It can help the citizens to raise the awareness of protecting the environment and enhance the responsibility of establish a better place to live and travel. As a result, the eco-tourism has already accomplished some goals worldwide. But it still doesn’t accomplish all the goals. Human beings should work harder and accomplish them as soon as possible. The eco-tourism is a good method for both getting profits and protecting environment. And different countries could also change their experience and way of publishing the ecotourism, and accomplish the goals of eco-tourism together.

Renaissance Humanism Essay Example For Students

Renaissance Humanism Essay David C Literature 12 November 4th, 2013 Humanism of the renaissance period was the predominant movement that revolutionized philosophical, intellectual, and literary customs. It first originated in Italy during the fourteenth century and eventually spread to other major areas in Europe such as Greece. One of the most important changes humanism introduced was a secular viewpoint of history; this was done so by endorsing a nonreligious perspective on history. Humanism not only ended the dominance of the church, but it also eventually had a profound impact on everyday life, especially education. Individualism, humanist philosophy, and the printing press were major components of humanism that made it a crucial influence on Europe during the renaissance period. Without the introduction of a revolutionary movement like humanism, Europe may have continued to remain stagnant with its development in terms of philosophy, literature, and the arts (Humanism in the Renaissance). The period from the fourteenth century to the seventeenth advocated the liberation of individuals, which meant that more emphasis was placed on personal beliefs. This led to a more diverse spectrum of ideas in society and increased personal development, hence the ERM individualism. Individualism first began when city-states of northern Italy had come into contact with the diverse customs of the East, which gradually permitted expression in terms of taste and dress (Krebs). This eventually resulted in the ascendancy of honest doubt and curiosity over unreasoning faith. However, it is not completely warranted to believe that individualism was wholly beneficial to people. However, the fact remains that individualism went against the sovereignty of tyrant, feudal lord, class, corporation, and tradition (Krebs) has had a tremendous influence pond the subsequent history of Europe. Because of individualism, freedom of individual expression and opposition to authority was brought to the surface and soon became an integral part of the western intellectual tradition. In context, individualism was in direct opposition to the ideals of medieval Christianity, which restricted personal expression, fostered self-annihilation, and demanded implicit faith and unquestioning obedience. Individualism not only resulted in a less powerful church, but it also triggered an immense change from strict obedience to increased personal expression (Krebs). As a result of the increase of individual expression, new ideas were formed that led to the development of humanist philosophy (Cline). Humanist philosophy soon became an intrinsic component of renaissance life, as there was an increased emphasis on the importance of education. It became necessary for people to learn ancient Greek and Latin in order to even begin to understand the ancient manuscripts. This led to extended education in the arts and philosophies and even the ancient sciences that had had been unprecedented burst of scientific and technological development during the incessant that Europe had not witnessed in centuries (Cline). Additionally, the aforementioned individualism was naturally one of the most crucial components of humanist philosophy, for much of the basis of this type of philosophy was formed from a secular approach (Krebs). One of the most important early humanists was an Italian poet named Patriarch who applied the ideas and values of ancient Greece and Rome to questions about Christian doctrines and ethics that were central topics during the renaissance period. Interestingly enough, many famous humanists like Patriarch were members of the church; however, they were mostly secular rather than spiritual, exhibiting much more interest in literature, art, and philosophy than in theology. To say the least, renaissance humanism was a revolution in thinking and feeling which left no part of society, not even the highest levels of Christianity, untouched (Cline). Finally, the ideas of humanism would not have spread like it did without the use of the printing press, which was invented by a man named Johannes Gutenberg in 1445. Previously, bookmaking entailed copying word-by-word and all the illustrations by hand. As a result of the tedious labor, the price was often very expensive. With the advent of Guttenberg printing press, books could be produced much quicker and with relatively little effort, which made bookmaking much less expensive, allowing more people to buy reading material. Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance EssayRoman times. They differ in the material they were constructed from, with David cast in Bronze and The Birth of Venus, a tempera on panel painting. In addition, David depicts on a biblical character and the birth of Venus on a pagan goddess from Roman mythology. However, both characters are youthful, sensual and in the case of David, slightly feminine. Their bodies are both in a relaxed pose: David is in true contrasts; whereas Venus is twisted in an almost contrasts stance as if she is floating. David is freestanding and the statue embraces the humanist realism so that the observer feels he could freely move about. Davits beauty is contrasted with the gruesomeness of Goliath severed head. Venus, on the other hand, is painted and painting. The linear perspective, beautiful surroundings, the groupings of zephyrs and her maid all draw the viewer to the centre of the painting and the beauty reflected in Venus and her environment. The use of beauty, perspective through natural surroundings reflects the humanist belief that we are all connected to our natural environment. ) Compare and contrast The Birth of Venus by Sandra Poetical with the Last Supper by Leonardo Dad Vinci The Birth of Venus portrays the humanist aloes of beauty, sensuality, eroticism, and neo-platonic pagan beliefs from the Classical roman and Greek periods. On the other hand, Dad Vines painting of The Last Supper reflects the humanist movement in Renaissance art through the use of perspective, light, spirituali ty and naturalism. His use of geometry suggests heavenly perfection and was used extensively in classical Greek paintings and shows Dad Vines ability to reconcile Greek philosophy with Christian theology. Both used classical Greek and Roman artistic conventions that were frequently used in the renaissance humanist movement. For example, Poetical focused on the beauty of a pagan goddess from Roman mythology and Dad Vinci use of geometry and realism, perspective and light, showed his interest in Classical Greek techniques. Dad Vinci, as a typical humanist, experimented with new media in his painting of the Last Supper in the use of tempera and oil on dry plaster, whereas Poetical used the more traditional, using tempera on panel. Both artists used perspective to bring a greater sense of humanity and realism to the paintings, however, Botulisms painting was more linear in nature and Dad Vines was more geometrical. The two artists also used groupings within their paintings to help bring a sense of realism and perspective to the paintings as was commonly found in humanist paintings. For example, Poetical used three groups, the zephyrs, the goddess and her maid. These three groups emphasized movement in the painting, as well as beauty and perspective. Dad Vinci used four groups of three apostles to depict a range of human emotions in their reactions to the news Jesus has told them. The groupings also made the scene more realistic and emphasized the central figure in Jesus. Both paintings depicted the humanist love of nature. Botulisms painting shows Venus in a natural setting that celebrates the beauty in the main characters and surrounding scene. Botulisms natural setting is seen as true paradise, which typifies beauty and harmony. Dad Vinci shows his love of nature through the windows in the scene. The natural environment as seen outside of the windows is true paradise. C) compare and contrast The Last Supper by Leonardo Dad Vinci with David by Denotable Dad Vines painting of the last supper reflects the humanist movement in Renaissance art through the use of perspective, light, spirituality, geometry and naturalism. On he contrasts, the sensual and erotic nakedness, the use of bronze casting and the freestanding form. Both artists used techniques that showed a return to the art of the Greek and Roman Classical period, which was a key focus of the humanist movement during the Renaissance. Both Denotable and Dad Vinci used the humanist artistic values of portraying the human body with the correct dimensions in a realistic perspective with real human emotions. The characters seem to come to life in both art works, despite the fact that they used two completely different media, Denotable used a nude, freestanding bronze casting and Dad Vinci experimented with ampere and oil on dry plaster. Both artworks were of religious characters, Denotable depicted the moment of victory of David over Goliath and Dad Vinci illustrated the moment in the Last Supper where Jesus tells his apostles that one of them will betray him. These are both highly emotive moments and both artists use the humanist approach of portraying the powerful raw emotions held by all of the characters. Both artists departed from the styles and forms middle ages, by bringing raw humanity, realism, sensuality, and emotion into religious events. Task 4: Significance of these artworks and how they relate to humanist theory The three paintings used in this project, David by Denotable, The Birth of Venus by Poetical and The Last Supper by Dad Vinci, all reflect aspects of humanist theory from the Renaissance. They were contemporaries, worked in Florence and were commissioned by patrons of the arts. They all were strongly influenced by the humanist theory that they portrayed in their art work according to their individual skills and interests. Denotable and Botulisms love of the human form is portrayed in their nude characters in these works of art. This nudity embraces the humanist return to the Greek and Roman love and respect for the human form. This is a bold departure from the Middle Ages where the naked body was seen as a pathway to corruption and was not used in mainstream art. All three artists used perspective, realism, neo-Platonism, emotion and movement to bring humanist values into their artworks. Dad Vinci, in particular used geometry to draw attention to Jesus, the main character of the painting. His use of geometry suggests heavenly perfection and was used extensively in classical Greek paintings and shows dad Vines ability to reconcile Greek philosophy with Christian theology. The use of geometry and light became popular during the intellectual rebirth of animus of the renaissance. Denotable, on the other hand, used contrasts, and a freestanding statue to suggest freedom and movement of the human form, whereas, Poetical used an almost surreal floating movement to idealist the beauty of the Poetical further outwardly embraced the humanist pagan beliefs from the Greek and Roman mythology by focusing on the goddess Venus in his painting. Denotable was subtler in his interest in Greek mythology, and the helmet with laurel on David suggests the character might be the god Hermes instead of the Biblical character, David.

How to Write Persuasive Essay Topics

How to Write Persuasive Essay TopicsSportive or persuasive essay topics can be fun, but they will still need to have the ability to move your audience. You must start writing your essay by knowing who you are writing for and why you are writing for them. Make sure you are not writing about things that would make you embarrassed or that you wouldn't normally tell someone.Next, figure out what kind of essay topic you are going to write. This may seem like a tedious task but is much more important than you may think. You should know what you are going to write about. If you don't know what you are going to write about then it is hard to focus on what you want to say.A sports audience is always looking for people who can suggest ideas and will see it as their right to make suggestions. If you do not give them what they want, they will come for your head. In this case, you need to give them what they want so that they can see you as an expert.Once you have decided on your topic, you need to focus on writing. You have to write clearly and simply. In order to get the best and most effective performance out of your essay, you need to practice.There are some essay topics that will get better the more you practice them. Therefore, you need to write your essay more often if you want to see improvement.There are many different ways you can learn how to write a persuasive essay topic. You can look for courses on the Internet, books and seminars.The internet is one of the best places to find these types of essay topics. If you want to get started with a career in public speaking, then you should consider becoming a public speaker.

Premodern To Post Modern Society Essays - Economic Systems, Foraging

Premodern To Post Modern Society Western liberal scholars have divided human history into three phases: the premodern, the modern and the post modern. Each phase has no definite end, rather they layer on top of each. For example, a thoroughly post modern society has elements of premodern and modern in it. There is no one exact time when the premodern ended and the modern began: each society reached them differently. Western Europe entered the modern era in the sixteen hundreds while the rest of the world was still premodern. Even now, most industrialized countries are post modern, yet most of the Third World is modern or even premodern. The premodern phase spans a huge amount of time, from prehistory until the rise of modern institutions. The premodern can further be divided into two periods, before and after settled agriculture. Before a society adopts settled agriculture, they live of the land, hunting and gathering. The political organization of such groups is roughly like a wolf pack: there is a dominate leader figure (not necessarily male) that leads a more or less egalitarian community. An excellent example of hunter-gatherers is the Kung bushmen of the Kalahari dessert. The Kung live in small family groups in an extremely hostile environment yet they have adapted. Since they do not cultivate plants for food there is no point in owning a parcel of land. Each small tribe can support itself on it's surrounding land with resources to spare. Private ownership of land is unherad of. Since the technology of the Kung is rudimentary, everyone in the tribe has the same skills at manufacturing as everyone else. If one m ember of the tribe wishes to make a loincloth, he simply makes it himself, every member of the tribe can exactly this. There is no way to differentiate status, everyone has exactly the same skills. The division of labor between man and women is slight. Both take an active role in feeding the family; the man hunts while the woman gathers. Women and men are treated equally. Serious crime like murder or robbery are unheard of among the Kung. There is no reason to steal when every product can be made easily with the resources at hand. The only thing stealing would accomplish is isolation from the rest of the tribe. Also, there was very little in the way to steal. The Kung live in tune with nature, they use only a few simple tools such as digging sticks and spears. As the Kung all live in a close knit tribe stealing from one another is like stealing from a close friend. There is no faceless anonymity of the victim for the perpetrator. The thief knows and lives with the person who he is stealing from. Even if one individual committed a minor offense among the Kung, they themselves are not directly punished. Instead, there is a ritual to banish the demon who enter the perpetrators body and willed him to misbehave. There is no forced confinement or resentment. Societies such as the Kung were very small. Each person must forage or hunt for their food. To sustain a population of even a small amount of people the surrounding wilderness must be big enough to continually regenerate itself in the following years. This did not lead to a large population density as it takes large tracts of land to support people without going barren. This is why hunter gatherer groups are so small; the land cannot support many people in its present state. The Kung continue to survive by adapting to the land, instead of adapting the land to better suit their needs. If it suited them and they had the technology, the Kung could plow fields and build irrigation system to bring water into the dessert. The cost of this is huge labor output, yet the benefit is increased food production. With increased food production comes larger and larger populations. A small population is not the only disadvantage of hunter gatherers. Science and technology suffer in a tribal system s uch as the Kung. Gathering food and caring for children occupied the entire time. There were no dedicated scholars or scientists. Only with food surpluses reaped by settled agriculture could people

The Railways in the Industrial Revolution

The Railways in the Industrial Revolution If the steam engine is the icon of the industrial revolution, it’s most famous incarnation is the steam driven locomotive. The union of steam and iron rails produced the railways, a new form of transport which boomed in the later nineteenth century, affecting industry and social life. The Development of the Railways In 1767 Richard Reynolds created a set of rails for moving coal at Coalbrookdale; these were initially wood  but became iron rails. In 1801 the first Act of Parliament was passed for the creation of a ‘railway’, although at this point it was a horse pulled carts on rails. Small, scattered railway development continued, but at the same time, the steam engine was evolving. In 1801 Trevithic invented a steam driven locomotive which ran on roads, and 1813 William Hedly built Puffing Billy for use in mines, followed a year later by George Stephenson’s engine. In 1821 Stephenson built the Stockton to Darlington railway using iron rails and steam power with the aim of breaking the local monopoly of the canal owners. The initial plan had been for horses to provide the energy, but Stephenson pushed for steam. The importance of this has been exaggerated, as it still remained as â€Å"fast† as a canal (i.e. slow). The first time a railway used a true steam locomotive running on rails was the Liverpool to Manchester railway in 1830. This is probably the true landmark in rail and mirrored the route of the groundbreaking Bridgewater Canal. Indeed, the owner of the canal had opposed the railway to protect his investment. The Liverpool to Manchester railway provided the management blueprint for later development, creating a permanent staff and recognizing the potential of passenger travel. Indeed, until the 1850s railways made more from passengers than freight. In the 1830s canal companies, challenged by new railways, cut prices and largely kept their business. As railways were rarely connected they were generally used for local freight and passengers. However, industrialists soon realized that railways could make a clear profit, and in 1835-37, and 1844-48 there was such a boom in the creation of railways that ‘railway mania’ was said to have swept the country. In this later period, there were 10,000 acts creating railways. Of course, this mania encouraged the creation of lines which were unviable and in competition with each other. The government largely adopted a laissez-faire attitude  but did intervene to try and stop accidents and dangerous competition. They also passed a law in 1844 ordering third class travel to be on at least one train a day, and the Gauge Act of 1846 to make sure the trains ran on the same sort of rails. Railways and Economic Development Railways had a major impact on farming, as perishable goods such as dairy products could now be moved long distances before they were inedible. The standard of living rose as a result. New companies formed to both run railways and take advantage of the possibilities, and a major new employer was created. At the height of the railway boom, massive amounts of Britain’s industrial output were funneled into the construction, boosting industry, and when the British boom subsided these materials were exported to build railways abroad. Social Impact of Railways In order for trains to be timetabled, a standardized time was introduced across Britain, making it a more uniform place. Suburbs began to form as white collar workers moved out from the inner cities, and some working-class districts were demolished for new rail buildings. Opportunities for travel broadened as the working class could now travel further and more freely, although some conservatives worried this would cause a revolt. Communications were vastly sped up, and regionalization began to break down. Importance of the Railways The effect of railways in the Industrial Revolution is often exaggerated. They did not cause industrialization  and had no impact on the changing locations of industries as they only developed after 1830 and were initially slow to catch on. What they did do was allow the revolution to continue, provide further stimulus, and help to transform the mobility and diets of the population.